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<title>Xiping Stone Classics</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xiping Stone Classics</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Xiping Stone Classics</b> (<a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">熹平石經</span>) are a collection of <a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> stone carved books on various <a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> classics. Named for the Xiping reign era (AD 172–178) of <a href="Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Emperor Ling of Han</a>, the stone classics were carved over an eight-year period from AD 175 to 183 into stone <a href="Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> set up at the <a href="Taixue" title="Taixue">Imperial Academy</a> outside <a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. The project was overseen by <a href="Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a> and a group of affiliated scholars who "petitioned the emperor to have the Confucian classics carved in stone in order to prevent their being altered to support particular points of view."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The stelae contained 200,000 characters across 46 <a href="Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a>, and covered the seven classics recognized at the time: the <i><a href="Book_of_Changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Changes">Book of Changes</a></i>, <i><a href="Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, <i><a href="Book_of_Songs_(Chinese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Songs (Chinese)">Book of Songs</a></i>, <i><a href="Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i>, <i><a href="Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>, <i><a href="Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i> and <i><a href="Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each stele was about 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high and 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide. Cai and other scholars like <a href="Ma_Midi" title="Ma Midi">Ma Midi</a>, Han Yue (韓說), <a href="Lu_Zhi_(Han_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Zhi (Han Dynasty)">Lu Zhi</a>, Tangxi Dian (堂谿典), Yang Ci (楊賜) and his son Yang Biao (楊彪), Zhang Xun (張馴), Li Xun (李巡), and Zhao You (趙祐), Shan Yang (單颺) would write text onto the stone using <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, which was then engraved. When completed, 28 stela containing the <i>Changes</i>, <i>History</i>, <i>Chunqiu</i>, and the <a href="Gongyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongyang">Gongyang</a> commentary, were arranged on the western side of a roughly "U" form. The 15 stela with the <i>Ritual</i>, including the names of Cai Yong and Ma Midi, were placed on the southern side, while the 5 stela containing the <i>Analects</i> were on the eastern side. Scholars could then take <a href="Rubbing_(art)" title="Rubbing (art)">rubbings</a>, besides studying the texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The stelae were mostly destroyed in the fighting following the collapse of the Han dynasty, and only a few fragments have survived.

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<ul><li><a href="Kaicheng_Stone_Classics" title="Kaicheng Stone Classics">Kaicheng Stone Classics</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3045/">"The Xiping Stone Classics from the National Library of China"</a>. <a href="World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). <i>Chinese history: a manual</i> (2nd ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 439, 475. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054107/http://english.cntv.cn/program/documentary/20110826/103695.shtml">"Remains of the Old Luoyang"</a>. <a href="CCTV-9" title="CCTV-9">CCTV-9</a>. 26 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cntv.cn/program/documentary/20110826/103695.shtml">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://show.artxun.com/tuoben-1449-7240983.shtml">Xiping Stone Classics (熹平石经)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302211921/http://show.artxun.com/tuoben-1449-7240983.shtml">Archived</a> 2012-03-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Chinese)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Rafe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rafe_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2017" class="citation book cs1">de Crespigny, Rafe (2017). <i>Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">382–</span>384. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004324916</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xiping_Stone_Classics" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Xiping Stone Classics">Xiping Stone Classics</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/db-machine/imgsrv/takuhon/type_b/menu/9.html">Stone fragments from the Xiping reign</a> in the Chinese stone rubbings database at East Asian Center for Informatics in Humanities, <a href="Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, including two fragments of the classics: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/db-machine/imgsrv/takuhon/type_b/html/kan0061a.html">61A</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/db-machine/imgsrv/takuhon/type_b/html/kan0061b.html">61B</a>.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Xiping_Stone_Classics&oldid=1301352710">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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